Paraffin | Types and Production Methods

Paraffin is a versatile chemical used in various industries, including candle making, cosmetics, medicine, and the food industry. In this article, we explore the definition, applications, production methods, types, and safety considerations of paraffin.

What is Paraffin?

Paraffin is a saturated hydrocarbon from the alkane family (Cn​H2n+2​). It is composed of long carbon chains and remains solid at room temperature. Its stable structure is a result of simple carbon-carbon bonds, and its low reactivity makes it highly durable for various industrial uses.

Applications of Paraffin

Paraffin is utilized in numerous industries for several reasons. Key applications include:

1- Candle Production: Due to its ideal melting point and easy moldability, it is the primary material for candles. Paraffin candles easily absorb colors and fragrances.

2- Cosmetics and Personal Care: Used in creams, lotions, and skincare products as an emollient and texture enhancer.

3- Medicine (Paraffin Therapy): In physiotherapy for heat therapy of joints, melted paraffin is applied to the skin to retain heat, increase blood flow, and reduce pain.

4- Food Industry: Used as a protective coating for fruits, cheeses, and chocolates to prevent moisture loss and oxidation.

5- Industry and Technology: * As electrical insulation in cables and equipment.

• In the production of lubricants and anti-corrosion materials.
• In manufacturing crayons, inks, and paints.

6- Textiles: Used to provide waterproofing properties to fabrics and papers.

Production Methods

Paraffin is primarily obtained through the refining of crude oil. The production steps are as follows:

• Crude Oil Distillation: In the distillation tower, crude oil is separated into various fractions like gasoline, naphtha, and diesel. Paraffin is extracted from heavier fractions.
• Purification and Hydrogenation: Impurities (such as sulfur and aromatic compounds) are removed using chemical processes like hydrogenation. This step makes the paraffin more stable.
• Crystallization: Raw paraffin is separated into solid crystals through controlled cooling. Remaining impurities are then removed using centrifuges or filtration.
• Bleaching: The paraffin may be treated with activated clay or acids to achieve a white, transparent appearance.

Types of Paraffin

Paraffin is categorized based on its molecular structure, purity level, and application:

1. Solid Paraffin (Paraffin Wax): Long carbon chains (C20​ to C40​). Used in candle making, crayons, and cosmetics.
2. Liquid Paraffin (Paraffin Oil): Shorter chains (C15​ to C20​). Used in cosmetics, industrial oils, and pharmaceuticals.
3. Microcrystalline Wax: Features a fine crystalline structure with a higher melting point (65∘C to 90∘C). Used in rubber, adhesives, and protective coatings.
4. Chlorinated Paraffin: Produced by adding chlorine to paraffin. It is resistant to water and oil, making it suitable for the textile and paper industries.
5. Food-Grade Paraffin: Highly purified for use in coating fruits and chocolates.

Safety and Environmental Notes

• Flammability: Paraffin ignites at high temperatures; it must be kept away from heat sources.
• Skin Contact: Prolonged use may cause dryness or skin sensitivity.
• Biodegradability: Paraffin decomposes slowly in nature. Improper disposal can lead to environmental pollution.
• Medical Use: Paraffin therapy should be performed under professional supervision to prevent burns.

Paraffin vs. Natural Waxes

Paraffin is petroleum-based, whereas natural waxes (like beeswax) are extracted from plant or animal sources. While paraffin is more cost-effective and widely available, it may have lower heat resistance compared to some natural waxes.

Conclusion

Paraffin is a multi-purpose substance that plays a key role in various industries. From decorative candles to advanced medical and industrial applications, this chemical compound maintains its status due to its versatility and accessibility. However, it is essential to consider safety and environmental factors during its use.